Finding the best covered roaster for bread baking involves balancing size, heat retention, material quality, and ease of use. The Granite Ware 15-Inch Covered Oval Roaster stands out for its large capacity and even heat distribution, ideal for big loaves. The Enameled Cast Iron Dutch Oven offers superior heat retention and durability but comes at a higher price. Smaller options like the Granite Ware 8.7-Inch Roaster are perfect for limited space or beginner bakers, though they may struggle with larger bread recipes. Tradeoffs often include size versus cost, or ease of cleaning versus heat performance. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown of these options and what makes each one suitable for different baking needs.
Key Takeaways
- Size and capacity significantly influence which roaster suits your bread baking volume, from small to large loaves.
- Material quality, especially enameled cast iron versus porcelain-coated steel, impacts heat retention and durability.
- Ease of cleaning and maintenance vary, with smoother, non-stick surfaces offering less fuss but sometimes less traditional appeal.
- Price ranges are broad; investing more typically means better heat performance and longevity, but budget options can still deliver solid results.
- Additional features like racks or lid designs can improve bread crust quality and baking consistency.
| Granite Ware 8.7-Inch Small Covered Round Roaster, 3Lb Capacity | ![]() | Best Compact for Small Batches | Capacity: 3 lbs | Diameter: 8.7 inches | Material: Enamel steel | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Webake Enameled Roasting Pan with Lid, 15.5 Inch, White | ![]() | Best for Versatile Oven Use and Juicy Roasts | Material: Enameled steel | Size: 15.5 inches | Color: White | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Granite Ware 15-Inch Covered Oval Roaster, 10 lb Capacity | ![]() | Best for Large Roasts and Bread in Bulk | Capacity: 10 lbs | Material: Enamel Steel | Size: 15 inches | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| 16 Inch Roasting Pan with Lid – Enamel Carbon Steel Roaster for Turkey, Chicken, Meat & Vegetables | ![]() | Best for Large-Scale Bread and Roasting | Size: 16L x 12W x 6H inches | Interior Dimensions: 15L x 10.5W x 3.5H inches | Material: Carbon Steel with Enamel Coating | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Granite Ware 13-inch Oval Roaster with Lid | ![]() | Best for Medium-Sized Breads and Versatile Cooking | Capacity: up to 7 lbs | Size: 13-inch oval | Material: Enameled steel | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Enameled Cast Iron Dutch Oven for Bread Baking, 3QT Oval Round Heavy Duty Loaf Pan with Lid, Non-Stick Ceramic Coating | ![]() | Best Overall for Versatile Bread Baking and Multi-Use Cooking | Capacity: 3 Quarts | Material: Cast Iron with Enameled Finish | Dimensions: 11.6″ x 5.4″ x 11.6″ | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Granite Ware Porcelain Enamel Covered Roaster 20 lb Black | ![]() | Best Large Capacity for Big Batches and Festive Roasts | Capacity: 20 lbs | Material: Porcelain Enamel | Color: Black | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Eurita Clay Roaster, 2 Quarts, Non-Stick Bread Pan & Lid | ![]() | Best Natural Material for Traditional Baking and Steaming | Material: Natural clay | Capacity: 2 Quarts | Lid: Unglazed, steam-vented | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Enamel Roasting Pan with Lid and Rack, 13″ & 18″ Granite Roaster Set, Dishwasher Safe, High Temperature Resistant | ![]() | Best for Holiday and Versatile Roasting with Bread Baking Capacity | Sizes: 13-inch and 18-inch | Material: Granite enamel | Dishwasher Safe: Yes | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| 12×8 Inch Oval Cast Iron Dutch Oven for Bread Baking, 5 Qt | ![]() | Best for Sourdough and Artisan Bread with Heavy-Duty Durability | Size: 12×8 inches | Capacity: 5 Qt | Material: Cast Iron | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Granite Ware 8.7-Inch Small Covered Round Roaster, 3Lb Capacity
This small enamel steel roaster is ideal for those who bake bread in small quantities or want a compact option for bread baking experiments. Its even heat distribution helps achieve consistent crusts, making it comparable to larger, more specialized bread pans like the Dutch oven but in a much smaller size. The non-stick porcelain surface eases cleaning and reduces sticking, though its small capacity limits its usefulness for larger loaves. The lightweight design and smooth enamel surface make handling easier, but the risk of chipping increases with rough use. This pick suits bakers who prefer a simple, chemical-free vessel for small bread batches or daily bread baking without the bulk of larger roasters.
Pros:- Even heat distribution for consistent baking results
- Non-stick porcelain surface is easy to clean
- Chemical-free and PFOA/PTFE free for safer baking
Cons:- Limited to small portion sizes, not suitable for large bread loaves
- Potential for chipping if mishandled or rough treatment
Best for: Small-space bakers or those baking small loaves regularly, who want quick cleanup and safety from harmful chemicals.
Not ideal for: Bakers needing to make large sourdough or multiple loaves at once, as its capacity is limited to about 3 pounds.
- Capacity:3 lbs
- Diameter:8.7 inches
- Material:Enamel steel
- Dishwasher Safe:Yes
- Made in:Mexico
- Chemical-Free:PFOA-Free, PTFE-Free
Bottom line: This roaster fits bakers who want a small, safe, and easy-to-clean vessel for occasional bread baking in limited quantities.
Webake Enameled Roasting Pan with Lid, 15.5 Inch, White
This enameled steel roasting pan is a versatile choice for bakers who want a multi-purpose vessel that can handle bread and other oven dishes. Compared with the small Granite Ware roaster, its larger size makes it suitable for bread baking that involves larger loaves or multiple pieces, especially if you prefer baking with a lid to trap steam. Its ceramic non-stick coating simplifies cleanup, and the included lid promotes self-basting, which can enhance bread crust development through moisture retention. However, the pan’s size may be too small for large sourdough loaves or multiple bread batches at once. The enamel surface, while durable, can chip if mishandled, so careful use is advised. It is an excellent pick for those who want a durable, easy-to-maintain pan that can also serve for roasting other foods.
Pros:- Durable, sturdy construction with a non-stick ceramic coating
- Lid promotes even cooking and retains moisture
- Good heat distribution for consistent baking
Cons:- May be too small for large bread loaves or multiple breads
- Enamel surface can chip if mishandled or dropped
Best for: Home bakers who want a reliable, multi-use pan for bread, roasting, and other oven tasks, especially in small households.
Not ideal for: Bakers needing a pan for large, crusty bread loaves or multiple batches simultaneously, due to its size limitations.
- Material:Enameled steel
- Size:15.5 inches
- Color:White
- Lid:Yes
- Non-stick:Yes
- BPA Free:Yes
Bottom line: This pan is well suited for small households looking for a durable, versatile baking vessel with good moisture retention.
Granite Ware 15-Inch Covered Oval Roaster, 10 lb Capacity
This oval enamel roaster offers a sizable 10-pound capacity, making it ideal for large bread batches or roasting multiple loaves at once. Its even heat distribution ensures consistent crusts and crumb, similar to what larger Dutch ovens can provide, but with the added advantage of a broader shape suitable for oval-shaped loaves or multiple smaller ones. The heavy steel construction provides durability, though it makes the roaster heavy and less maneuverable. While the large capacity is excellent for batch baking or family-sized bread, it’s overkill for small-scale baking and may be unwieldy for everyday use. Its chip-resistant enamel surface adds longevity, but care is needed to avoid chips during handling. This is a solid choice for serious bakers with space and a need for large-batch bread baking or roasting.
Pros:- Large 10 lb capacity suitable for big batches
- Even heat distribution for consistent baking
- Durable, chip-resistant enamel surface
Cons:- Heavy and potentially cumbersome for daily handling
- Limited to oven use, not suitable for stovetop or microwave
Best for: Bakers who often produce multiple loaves or large roasts and need a robust, high-capacity vessel.
Not ideal for: Bakers with limited kitchen space or those who prefer lightweight, easy-to-handle bakeware for small bread projects.
- Capacity:10 lbs
- Material:Enamel Steel
- Size:15 inches
- Color:Speckled Black
- Dishwasher Safe:Yes
- Chemical-Free:Yes
Bottom line: This roaster is perfect for bakers who prioritize capacity and durability over ease of maneuvering for large bread or roast batches.
16 Inch Roasting Pan with Lid – Enamel Carbon Steel Roaster for Turkey, Chicken, Meat & Vegetables
This 16-inch enameled carbon steel roaster offers a generous size and high heat resistance, making it a strong contender for large bread baking or roasting whole poultry. Its natural nonstick surface simplifies cleanup, and the sturdy handles facilitate handling even when heavy with bread or meat. The lid helps lock in moisture, which can be beneficial for bread with a moist crust or for roasting large loaves that require a steam environment. Compared to smaller roasters like the Granite Ware 8.7-inch, this model provides greater capacity and versatility, but its weight and size may be cumbersome for some users. It’s also not suitable for microwave use. This pan suits those who bake large loaves or multiple smaller loaves simultaneously and want a durable, high-temperature vessel.
Pros:- Large capacity suitable for big breads and roasts
- Naturally nonstick surface simplifies cleanup
- Oven and induction safe up to 600°F
Cons:- Heavy and potentially challenging to handle regularly
- Not microwave safe, limiting versatility
Best for: Serious home bakers or chefs baking large breads, multiple loaves, or roasting sizable cuts of meat with moisture retention needs.
Not ideal for: Bakers with limited kitchen space or those primarily baking small or single loaves, due to its large size and weight.
- Size:16L x 12W x 6H inches
- Interior Dimensions:15L x 10.5W x 3.5H inches
- Material:Carbon Steel with Enamel Coating
- Oven Safe:Up to 600°F
- Induction Safe:Yes
Bottom line: This roaster is suited for large-scale baking and roasting, where capacity and durability outweigh ease of handling.
Granite Ware 13-inch Oval Roaster with Lid
This 13-inch oval enameled steel roaster strikes a balance between capacity and maneuverability, making it a versatile choice for bread bakers who prefer an oval shape. Its capacity of up to 7 pounds suits medium-sized loaves and roasts, while the self-basting lid helps develop a crust with moisture retention. Its high heat resistance up to 932°F offers flexibility for broiling or baking at high temperatures, similar to the larger oval roaster but in a more manageable size. While it’s primarily designed for oven use, its weight could be a concern for some. Compared to smaller or larger options, this roaster offers a middle ground that caters well to those who want a durable, chemical-free vessel for bread and general oven cooking.
Pros:- Even and efficient cooking with a self-basting lid
- High heat resistance up to 932°F
- Dishwasher safe and chemical-free
Cons:- Limited capacity for very large loaves
- Heavy for some users, especially when full
Best for: Bakers who prefer an oval shape and need a medium-sized, high-heat resistant vessel for bread or roasting.
Not ideal for: Bakers who need a larger capacity for multiple loaves or a lightweight option for frequent handling.
- Capacity:up to 7 lbs
- Size:13-inch oval
- Material:Enameled steel
- Temperature Resistance:up to 932°F
- Dishwasher Safe:Yes
- Chemical-Free:Yes
Bottom line: This oval roaster suits bakers seeking a versatile, medium-sized vessel with high heat tolerance for bread and oven cooking.
Enameled Cast Iron Dutch Oven for Bread Baking, 3QT Oval Round Heavy Duty Loaf Pan with Lid, Non-Stick Ceramic Coating
This enameled cast iron Dutch oven stands out for its combination of durability and versatility, making it ideal for baking, roasting, and braising. Compared with larger options like the Granite Ware Porcelain Enamel Covered Roaster, this 3-quart model is more manageable for home bakers focusing on bread, yet still offers excellent heat retention and moisture-locking capabilities. Its non-stick ceramic coating simplifies cleaning and helps prevent sticking, a plus over traditional bare cast iron. The tradeoff is its weight, which can be cumbersome, and the enamel can chip if mishandled. Nonetheless, its even heat distribution and lid design produce consistently good bread crusts while being suitable for outdoor and stovetop use.
Pros:- Durable enameled cast iron construction with non-stick ceramic coating
- Versatile for baking, roasting, braising, and outdoor cooking
- Even heat distribution and moisture-locking lid for perfect results
Cons:- Heavyweight may be cumbersome for some users
- Enamel coating can chip if mishandled or dropped
Best for: Home bakers seeking a durable, multipurpose Dutch oven suitable for bread, stews, and outdoor cooking
Not ideal for: Users who prefer lightweight cookware or plan to do frequent dishwasher cleaning, as the enamel is hand wash only
- Capacity:3 Quarts
- Material:Cast Iron with Enameled Finish
- Dimensions:11.6″ x 5.4″ x 11.6″
- Weight:11.2 Pounds
- Oven Safe:Yes (up to 500°F/260°C)
- Color:Blue
Bottom line: This Dutch oven makes the most sense for serious home bakers who want a versatile, long-lasting piece for bread and other dishes.
Granite Ware Porcelain Enamel Covered Roaster 20 lb Black
This 20-pound oval roaster offers a generous capacity for large meals, making it ideal for holiday baking and roasting. Compared to the 12-inch Dutch Oven, its larger size allows for bigger bread loaves or multiple items at once. The speckled black enamel provides excellent heat retention and browning, while its dishwasher-safe design simplifies cleanup after heavy use. The main tradeoff is its weight, which can be difficult to maneuver and store, especially for those with limited strength or space. Its larger dimensions also limit its use in smaller ovens or cooktops. Still, for those who need a versatile, big-capacity roaster, this piece offers durability and consistent results.
Pros:- Large 20 lb capacity suitable for big meals
- Even heat retention for consistent browning
- Chemical-free, nonstick enamel surface
Cons:- Heavy and difficult to handle for some users
- Limited color options
Best for: Families or caterers baking large quantities of bread or roasting big cuts of meat
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or individuals needing lightweight, easy-to-store cookware
- Capacity:20 lbs
- Material:Porcelain Enamel
- Color:Black
- Dishwasher Safe:Yes
- Use:Roasting, baking, grilling
Bottom line: Perfect for serious cooks with space and strength to handle its weight, seeking a large, durable roaster for bread and festive dishes.
Eurita Clay Roaster, 2 Quarts, Non-Stick Bread Pan & Lid
The Eurita Clay Roaster excels for those seeking a natural, non-toxic baking vessel. Made from unglazed clay, it offers a gentle steaming environment that enhances bread crusts with a distinctive flavor. Compared with the cast iron options like the 12×8 Inch Cast Iron Dutch Oven, this clay model is lighter and free from metal coatings, appealing to purists and those avoiding metals. Its oven and microwave safety up to 500°F makes it flexible for various cooking styles. However, the lid’s loose fit can lead to steam escaping, which might affect bread crust development. Its hand wash requirement and limited size options mean it’s best for users comfortable with more delicate cookware.
Pros:- Made from natural, non-toxic unglazed clay
- Oven and microwave safe up to 500°F
- Enhances bread crusts with natural steaming
Cons:- Lid is not tightly fitted, may allow steam escape
- Requires hand washing for maintenance
Best for: Home bakers who value natural, non-toxic materials and traditional steaming techniques
Not ideal for: Users who require tightly sealed lids or prefer easy cleanup with dishwasher-safe cookware
- Material:Natural clay
- Capacity:2 Quarts
- Lid:Unglazed, steam-vented
- Oven Safe:Up to 500°F
- Cleaning:Hand wash recommended
Bottom line: This clay roaster appeals to purists and traditional bakers who prioritize natural materials over convenience features.
Enamel Roasting Pan with Lid and Rack, 13″ & 18″ Granite Roaster Set, Dishwasher Safe, High Temperature Resistant
This set of granite enamel roasting pans offers flexible options for roasting and baking, with two sizes—13-inch and 18-inch—that include lids and racks for even browning and steaming. Compared to smaller or single-purpose options like the Small Covered Roaster, this set covers a broader range of cooking needs. Its high-temperature resistance and dishwasher safety make cleanup straightforward, but the heavy weight can be a challenge during handling or storage. The durability of the granite enamel ensures it withstands frequent use, especially during holiday seasons when large breads or roasts are common. This set suits versatile kitchens that want one set for multiple cooking tasks.
Pros:- Durable granite enamel resists high temperatures
- Includes lids and racks for versatile cooking styles
- Dishwasher safe for easy cleanup
Cons:- Heavy weight makes handling difficult
- Limited color options, primarily black
Best for: Families and entertainers needing a versatile roasting set capable of handling bread and large roasts
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or users looking for lightweight, single-function cookware
- Sizes:13-inch and 18-inch
- Material:Granite enamel
- Dishwasher Safe:Yes
- High Temperature Resistance:Yes
- Included Accessories:Lid and rack
Bottom line: Ideal for those who need a durable, multi-purpose roasting set that includes bread baking capabilities for festive and everyday cooking.
12×8 Inch Oval Cast Iron Dutch Oven for Bread Baking, 5 Qt
The 5-quart oval cast iron Dutch oven is a favorite among sourdough enthusiasts. Its pre-seasoned surface offers ready-to-use convenience, and its shape promotes excellent heat circulation for artisan bread. Compared with the smaller 3-quart enameled Dutch oven, this model provides extra capacity for larger loaves or multiple small breads. Its versatility extends to various heat sources, including campfires, which makes it ideal for outdoor baking. The weight is a clear drawback—handling can be tiring, and it requires careful cleaning and maintenance to preserve the seasoning. Still, this Dutch oven’s ability to produce crusty, evenly baked bread makes it a staple for dedicated home bakers.
Pros:- Pre-seasoned and ready to use out of the box
- Excellent heat retention and circulation
- Versatile for baking, roasting, and frying
Cons:- Heavy and may be cumbersome to handle
- Requires careful cleaning to maintain seasoning
Best for: Serious bread bakers focused on sourdough or artisan loaves seeking robust, versatile cookware
Not ideal for: Users seeking lightweight or low-maintenance bakeware, or those with limited strength for handling heavy cast iron
- Size:12×8 inches
- Capacity:5 Qt
- Material:Cast Iron
- Pre-Seasoned:Yes
- Temperature Limit:500°F
- Cooktop Compatibility:Gas, Electric, Ceramic, Induction, Campfire
Bottom line: This cast iron Dutch oven is best suited for dedicated bread bakers who prioritize durability and crust quality over ease of handling.

How We Picked
These products were evaluated based on performance, build quality, size options, and value for money. I considered how well each roaster maintained even heat distribution, crucial for consistent bread baking results. Ease of use, cleaning, and durability also played key roles, as these factors affect everyday baking experience. The rankings reflect a balance between price and quality, aiming to recommend options suitable for both casual bakers and seasoned bread enthusiasts. Ultimately, the best picks offer a combination of size, heat retention, and user-friendly features that elevate bread baking at home.Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Covered Roaster For Bread Baking
Choosing the best covered roaster for bread baking requires understanding several critical factors. Size matters: a larger capacity allows for bigger loaves or multiple loaves at once, but may be cumbersome to handle. Material quality influences heat retention and how evenly your bread bakes, with enameled cast iron often outperforming lighter options. Ease of cleaning can save time and effort, especially with sticky doughs or crusty bread residues. Price is an important consideration—spending more usually yields better durability and baking results, though budget-friendly models are available. Finally, additional features like racks, lid designs, or non-stick surfaces can make a noticeable difference in bread crust and crust color. Weigh these factors carefully to match your baking style and needs.Size and Capacity
Size is perhaps the most obvious factor but also one of the most impactful. Smaller roasters, such as the 8.7-inch Granite Ware, are perfect for single loaves or limited kitchen space, making them ideal for beginners or occasional bakers. Larger options like the 15-inch or 20 lb capacity roasters support bigger batches and more ambitious baking projects. Keep in mind that larger roasters can be heavier and more difficult to handle, especially when hot. Choosing the right size depends on your typical bread size and kitchen storage, but oversizing can lead to unnecessary bulk if not needed.
Material and Heat Retention
The material determines how well your roaster retains and distributes heat. Enameled cast iron, as seen in the Dutch oven options, offers superior heat retention and even cooking, resulting in better crust development. Steel or porcelain-coated steel models, like Granite Ware, are lighter and usually more affordable but might not deliver the same consistent heat. Non-stick surfaces can ease cleanup but may degrade over time. For bread baking, consistent heat is essential to achieve a crusty exterior and a well-risen loaf, so investing in quality material generally pays off in your baking results.
Ease of Cleaning and Maintenance
Cleaning can be a chore, especially with baked-on dough or sticky residues. Enamel-coated cast iron and porcelain surfaces are generally dishwasher safe and resist staining, making cleanup straightforward. Non-stick coatings can simplify the process further but are prone to scratching if not handled carefully. Metal handles, smooth surfaces, and removable lids also contribute to easier maintenance. Consider how much time you’re willing to spend scrubbing after baking, as a model that’s simple to clean encourages more frequent use and better results.
Price and Value
Budget options like the smaller Granite Ware roaster offer decent performance for occasional baking but may lack durability or heat consistency over time. Mid-range models, including larger steel roasters, strike a balance between cost and quality, suitable for regular bakers. Premium enameled cast iron roasters command higher prices but often last decades and deliver exceptional baking results. Your choice depends on how often you bake bread and how much you’re willing to invest for longevity and performance. Remember, paying more upfront can save money in replacement costs later.
Additional Features
Extras like racks, specialized lids, or handles can improve your baking experience. Racks help lift bread off the bottom, promoting even crust formation and preventing sogginess. Well-designed lids ensure the steam stays in, crucial for achieving a crusty loaf. Some models include handles or knobs that stay cool, increasing safety when handling hot equipment. While these features can enhance results, they may also add to the cost. Prioritize what makes your baking more consistent and enjoyable.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a cast iron Dutch oven better than a steel roaster for bread baking?
Cast iron Dutch ovens are generally preferred for bread baking because they provide superior heat retention and create a steamy environment that results in a crusty, bakery-quality loaf. Steel roasters, especially enameled ones, also perform well but may not hold heat as consistently or produce as dramatic a crust. The choice depends on your baking style and budget—cast iron often requires more care but delivers the best crust and rise, especially for artisan-style breads.
Can I use a covered roaster for other types of baking besides bread?
Absolutely. Covered roasters are versatile and can handle roasting meats, casseroles, or even baking casseroles and desserts. The heavy, heat-retentive qualities make them suitable for slow roasting, braising, or baking items that benefit from moist heat. For bread specifically, they excel, but their utility extends well beyond that, making them a worthwhile investment in a well-stocked kitchen.
What size roaster should I choose for large family bread baking?
If you regularly bake for a family or need to make multiple loaves at once, look for a roaster with at least a 15-inch diameter or a capacity of 20 pounds or more. Larger sizes like the 20 lb Granite Ware or the 16-inch steel roaster can accommodate multiple loaves or big batches, saving time and effort. Keep in mind, these larger models may be heavier and take longer to heat, so ensure your oven can handle the size comfortably.
Are enameled cast iron roasters worth the extra cost?
In most cases, yes. Enameled cast iron offers excellent heat retention, durability, and ease of cleaning, making it ideal for consistent bread baking. The investment often pays off through long-term use, especially if you bake frequently. However, they are heavier and more expensive than steel options, so if you’re a casual baker or have limited storage, a high-quality steel roaster might be a better fit. For serious bread enthusiasts, the superior baking results justify the higher price.
How important is lid design in a covered roaster for bread baking?
The lid design is critical because it traps steam during baking, which is essential for developing a crispy crust and good oven spring. A tight-fitting, well-constructed lid ensures minimal steam escapes, creating a humid environment similar to professional bread ovens. Some lids have silicone seals or heavy-duty rims to improve sealing. Investing in a model with a reliable lid design can significantly influence your bread’s crust and overall appearance, making it worth considering in your purchase.
Conclusion
The best overall choice for most bakers is the Enamel Enameled Cast Iron Dutch Oven due to its unmatched heat retention and crust quality, making it ideal for dedicated bread makers. For those on a budget or with limited space, the Granite Ware 8.7-Inch Roaster offers a compact, affordable option suitable for occasional baking. Serious enthusiasts who bake frequently and want durability should consider premium models like the Porcelain Enamel Covered Roaster. Beginners or casual bakers may prefer lightweight steel options that balance ease of use with decent performance. Ultimately, selecting the right roaster depends on your baking volume, budget, and how much you value ease versus performance.









